Thursday, December 6, 2007

Bio Technology

Apply Bio Technology,

ScienceThe convention reminds decision-makers that natural resources are not infinite and sets out a philosophy of sustainable use. While past conservation efforts were aimed at protecting particular species and habitats, the Convention recognizes that ecosystems, species and genes must be used for the benefit of humans. However, this should be done in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity The convention also offers decision-makers guidance based on the precautionary principle that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat. The Convention acknowledges that substantial investments are required to conserve biological diversity. It argues, however, that conservation will bring us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return.In this situation, your range of choices is very broad and many packages will meet these limited

DNA Bases Bio Technology

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. The main role of DNA is the long-term storage of information and it is often compared to a set of blueprints, since DNA contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Chemically, DNA is a long polymer of simple units called nucleotides, which are held together by a backbone made of alternating sugars and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription. Most of these RNA molecules are used to synthesize proteins, but others are used directly in structures such as ribosomes and spliceosomes. Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes and the set of chromosomes within a cell make up a genome. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, and fungi store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria it is found in the cell's cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA, which helps control its interactions with other proteins and thereby control which genes are transcribed

Biotechnology Indroduction

The convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions.


RNA Genes

RNA genes (sometimes referred to as non-coding RNA or small RNA) are genes that encode RNA that is not translated into a protein. The most prominent examples of RNA genes are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation. However, since the late 1990s, many new RNA genes have been found, and thus RNA genes may play a much more significant role than previously thought. In the late 1990s and early 2000, there has been persistent evidence of more complex transcription occurring in mammalian cells (and possibly others). This could point towards a more widespread use of RNA in biology, particularly in gene regulation. A particular class of non-coding RNA, micro RNA, has been found in many metazoans (from Caenorhabditis elegans to Homo sapiens) and clearly plays an important role in regulating other genes. First proposed in 2004 by Rassoulzadegan and published in Nature 2006,[2] RNA is implicated as being part of the germline. If confirmed, this result would significantly alter the present understanding of genetics and lead to many question on DNA-RNA roles and interactions.

RNA Deatiles,Science

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers, that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, and that is also responsible for making proteins out of amino acids. RNA polynucleotides contain ribose sugars and predominantly uracil unlike deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains deoxyribose and predominantly thymine. It is transcribed (synthesized) from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and further processed by other enzymes. RNA serves as the template for translation of genes into proteins, transferring amino acids to the ribosome to form proteins, and also translating the transcript into proteins. Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868 (some sources indicate 1869) by Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895), who called the material 'nuclein' since it was found in the nucleus. It was later discovered that prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus, also contain nucleic acids. The role of RNA in protein synthesis had been suspected since 1939, based on experiments carried out by Torbjörn Caspersson, Jean Brachet and Jack Schultz. Hubert Chantrenne elucidated the messenger role played by RNA in the synthesis of proteins in ribosome. The sequence of the 77 nucleotides of a yeast RNA was found by Robert W. Holley in 1964, winning Holley the 1968 Nobel Prize for Medicine. In 1976, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent determined the complete nucleotide sequenc




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Stock Market Terms
The term the stock market is a concept for the mechanism that enables the trading of company stocks collective shares other securities and derivatives. Bonds are still traditionally traded in an informal overthecounter known as the bond market. Commodities are traded in commodities markets and derivatives are traded in a variety of markets but like bonds mostly overthecounter.The size of the worldwide bond market is estimated at trillion. The size of the stock market is estimated at about trillion. The world derivatives market has been estimated at about trillion. The major U.S. Banks alone are said to account for about trillion. It must be noted though that the derivatives market because it is stated in terms of notional outstanding amounts cannot be directly compared to a stock or fixed income market which refers to actual value.The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of stocks and securities together. The stock market in the United States includes the trading of all securities listed on the NYSE the NASDAQ the Amex as well as on the many regional exchanges the OTCBB and Pink Sheets. European examples of stock exchanges include the Paris Bourse now part of Euronext the London Stock Exchange and the Deutsche Börse.Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders who can be based anywhere. Their orders usually end up with a professional at a stock exchange who executes the order.



Physical locations
Some exchanges are physical locations where transactions are carried out on a trading floor by a method known as open outcry. This type of auction is used in stock exchanges and commodity exchanges where traders may enter verbal bids and offers simultaneously. The other type of exchange is a virtual kind composed of a network of computers where trades are made electr Actual trades are based on an auction market paradigm where a potential buyer bids a specific price for a stock and a potential seller asks a specific price for the stock. Buying or selling at market means you will accept any bid price or ask price for the stock. When the bid and ask prices match a sale takes place on a first come first served basis if there are multiple bidders or askers at a given price.The purpose of a stock exchange is to facilitate the exchange of securities between buyers and sellers thus providing a marketplace virtual or real. The exchanges provide realtime trading information on the listed securities facilitating price discovery.The New York Stock Exchange is a physical exchange. This is also referred to as a listed exchange because only stocks listed with the exchange may be traded. Orders enter by way of brokerage firms that are members of the exchange and flow down to floor brokers who go to a specific spot on the floor where the stock trades. At this location known as the trading post there is a specific person known as the specialist whose job is to match buy orders and sell orders. Prices are determined using an auction method known as open outcry the current bid price is the highest amount any buyer is willing to pay and the current ask price is the lowest price at which someon is willing to sell; if there is a spread no trade takes place. For a trade to take place there must be a matching bid and ask price.

Resources Money
If a spread exists the specialist is supposed to use his own resources of money or stock to close the difference after some time. Once a trade has been made the details are reported on the tape and sent back to the brokerage firm who then notifies the investor who placed the order. Although there is a significant amount of direct human contact in this process computers do play a huge role in the process especially for socalled program trading.The Nasdaq is a virtual listed exchange where all of the trading is done over a computer network. The process is similar to the above in that the seller provides an asking price and the buyer provides a bidding price. However buyers and sellers are electronically matched. One or more Nasdaq market makers will always provide a bid and ask price at which they will always purchase or sell their stock..The Paris Bourse now part of Euronext is an orderdriven electronic stock exchange. It was automated in the late s. Before it consisted of an open outcry exchange. Stockbrokers met in the trading floor or the Palais Brongniart. In the CATS trading system was introduced and the order matching process was fully automated.From time to time active trading especially in large blocks of securities have moved away from the active exchanges. Securities firms led by UBS AG Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Credit Suisse Group already steer percent of U.S. security trades away from the exchanges to their internal systems. That share probably will increase to percent by as more investment banks bypass the NYSE and Nasdaq and pair buyers and sellers of securities themselves according to data compiled by Bostonbased Aite Group LLC a brokerageindustry consultant.Now that computers have eliminated the need for trading floors like the Big Boards the balance of power in equity markets is shifting. By bringing more orders inhouse where clients can move big blocks of stock anonymously brokers pay the exchanges less in fees and capture a bigger share of the billion a year that institutional investors pay in trading commissions.

Individual investors
Many years ago worldwide buyers and sellers were individual investors such as wealthy businessmen with long family histories and emotional ties to particular corporations. Over time markets have become more institutionalized; buyers and sellers are largely institutions e.g. pension funds insurance companies mutual funds hedge funds investor groups and banks. The rise of the institutional investor has brought with it some improvements in market operations. Thus the government was responsible for fixed and exorbitant fees being markedly reduced for the small investor but only after the large institutions had managed to break the brokers solid front on fees they then went to negotiated fees but only for large institutions.However corporate governance at least in the West has been greatly affected by the rise of institutional owners.Braudel suggests that in Cairo in the th century Muslim and Jewish merchants had already set up every form of trade association and had knowledge of every method of credit and payment disproving the belief that these were invented later by Italians. In th century France the courratiers de change were concerned with managing and regulating the debts of agricultural communities on behalf of the banks. Because these men also traded with debts they could be called the first brokers. In late th century Bruges commodity traders gathered inside the house of a man called Van der Beurse and in they became the Brugse Beurse instituionalizing what had been until then an informal meeting. The idea quickly spread around Flanders and neighboring counties and Beurzen soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam